Three formative influences in Bresson’s life undoubtedly mark his films:
his Catholicism, which took the form of the predestinarian French strain
known as Jansenism; his early years as a painter; and his experiences
as a prisoner-of-war. These influences manifest themselves respectively
in the recurrent themes of free-will versus determinism, in the extreme
and austere precision with which he composes a shot, and in the frequent
use of the prison motif (two films are located almost entirely inside
prisons).
Three of his works take place in a wholly Catholic context:
Les Anges
du péché, a metaphysical thriller set in a convent,
Journal d’un curé de campagne (1950), a rare example of a great novel (by Georges Bernanos) being turned
into an even greater film, and
Le Procè
s de Jeanne d’Arc (1962), inevitably overshadowed by Carl Theodor Dreyer’s 1928 classic
La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc. The Jansenism manifests itself in the
way leading characters are
acted upon and simply surrendering themselves
to their fate. In
Au Hasard Balthazar (1966), for example, both
the donkey Balthazar and his on-off owner Marie (Anne Wiazemsky) passively
accept the ill-treatment they both experience, as opposed to the evil
Gérard (François Lafarge) who
initiates much of what
causes others to suffer. Bresson seemed to become increasingly pessimistic
about human nature: his penultimate two films suggest that he had more
concern for animals and the environment than for people, while the characters
in his astonishing swansong
L’Argent are simply the victims of
a chain of circumstance; money is the root of all evil.
One effect of the Jansenist influence is Bresson’s total mistrust of
psychological motives for a character’s actions. The conventional narrative
film, indeed the conventional story of any kind, insists that people have
to have reasons for what they do. A motiveless murder in a detective story
would be unacceptable. In Bresson, however, people act for no obvious
reason, behave "out of character", and in general simply follow
the destiny which has been mapped out for them. Often a character will
state an intention, and in the very next scene will do the opposite. Characters
who appear to be out-and-out rogues will unaccountably do something good,
an example being the sacked camera-shop assistant in
L’Argent who
gives his ill-gotten gains to charity. At the same time it should be stressed
that Bresson did not predetermine how his films would finally emerge;
it was a process of discovery for him to see what would be revealed by
his non-professional actors ("models" he designated them) after
he trained them for their part.
Bresson’s second influence, his early experience as a painter, is manifested
in the austerity of his compositions. A painter has to decide what to
put in; a filmmaker what to leave out. With Bresson nothing unnecessary
is shown; indeed he goes further, and often leaves the viewer to infer
what is happening outside the frame. Thus we often see shots of hands,
feet, doorhandles, and other
parts of objects where any other filmmaker
would show the whole. A Bresson film requires unbroken concentration on
the viewer’s part, and I have occasionally felt literally breathless after
watching one because of the concentration required. So rich in detail
and events is
Balthazar, for example, that it is easy on a first
viewing simply to overlook sub-plots such as the child’s death and the
long-running legal wrangle over land. It is for this reason that many
of Bresson’s films are exceptionally fast-moving in their narrative (one
exception is the almost contemplative
Quatre nuits d'un rêveur [1971], where little actually happens; interestingly the central character
is a painter). If
L’Argent were remade as a Hollywood thriller
it would have at least double the running-time and would dwell at length
on the brutal violence in the last section which is merely elliptically
hinted at by Bresson. The running-time of his films averages under 90
minutes, yet the viewer can be surprised at the amount that happens in
that time.
Un Condamné à mort s'est échappé (1956)
and
Procès are the two prison-films, and Bresson often uses
prison as a metaphor for spiritual imprisonment or, indeed, release. A
classic case of the latter is
Pickpocket (1959), where Michel (Martin
LaSalle) finds redemption from his criminal career only by intentionally
being caught, and in the famous final scene by telling Jeanne (Marika
Green) from his prison cell "what a strange road I had to take to
find you".
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A key ingredient of Bresson’s methods is his view of actors, his "models".
From
Journal on he used solely non-professionals, and was even
reported to be upset when two of his actors (Anne Wiazemsky from
Balthazar and Dominique Sanda from
Une Femme douce) went on to professional
acting careers. Only one actor ever appeared in two of his films. (Jean-Claude
Guilbert in
Balthazar and
Mouchette [1967].) Actors were
chosen not for their ability but for their appearance, often for an intense
facial asceticism like the Curé (Claude Laydu)
or the Pickpocket. He trained them to remove all traces of theatricality
and to speak with a fast monotonic delivery. Indeed he rejected the word
"cinema", which he regarded as merely filmed theatre, and instead
used the word "cinematography" (not to be confused with the
art of camerawork). All movements of actors are strictly controlled by
the director; when they walk they have to take a precise number of steps;
and eye movements become extremely important - the lowering of the eyes
towards the ground is almost a Bresson trademark. The result of this approach
is that the viewer becomes involved not with a character’s
appearance but almost with the
core of his being, his soul. Bresson’s first
two features use professionals, even "stars", and though they
are both excellent films which anticipate the director’s later themes,
they would probably have been even more satisfying if "models"
had been used.
Along with Bresson’s painterly eye for what should and should not be
shown, he makes exquisite use of sound. Off-screen sound is of key importance:
the raking of leaves during the intense confrontation between the priest
and the countess in
Journal, the scraping of the guard’s keys along
the metal railings and the far-off sound of trains in
Un Condamné,
the whinneying of horses in
Lancelot du Lac (1974), all serve to
heighten the sense that a time of crisis has arrived for the central characters.
Music is used increasingly sparingly as his career progresses; a specially
composed score is used in the early films, but in
Un Condamné there are occasional snatches of Mozart, in
Pickpocket Lully, in
Balthazar Schubert, and in late Bresson non-diegetic music is dispensed
with altogether.
_________________
The problem in defense is how far you can go without destroying from within what you are trying to defend from without.